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Needle stick injuries (NSI) are occupational injuries in Health Care Workers (HCWs) on using sharps. Though there are more than 20 pathogens transmitted through NSI, human immune de?ciency virus (HIV), hepatitis B & C virus (HBV&HCV)[1] are of signi?cance due to grave complications and minimum available preventive measures. According to WHO, nearly 40% of HBV and 2.5% of HIV infections among HCWs is attributed to NSI[2]. The occurrence of NSI can be reduced if Standard Work Precautions are strictly adhered by all HCWs at all times and also by taking Post Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV & HBV within the golden period of 2 hour. This study is done to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of HCWs of various categories on NSI and PEP. A Self structured questionnaire was administered to the study population (n=307) including Post graduates, Interns, Staff nurses, Nursing students , Lab technicians, Lab technical students. There was 10 questions under three sections.1) KNOWLEDGE 2) ATTITUDE 3) PRACTICE . This study revealed that knowledge regarding transmission of all three viruses (HIV,HBV,HCV) was less among paramedics compared to medicos, but the practice of HBV vaccination is the same. 53.1% of HCWs had NSI in our study. Majority incurred NSI during recapping needles. Attitude of HCW after being exposed to report NSI is very low (30.7%). Though 37.5% of the respondents not aware of golden hour of PEP, most of them aware of initiating PEP within 72 hours of exposure . Applying disinfectants/pressure over exposed area (38.9%) & recapping (31.6%) is still prevalent among study population. And 20 % of the HCWs were not vaccinated against Hepatitis B yet.
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Objective:To systematically summarize the real experience of nursing students and clinical nurses after needle stick injury exposure, so as to provide the basis for the subsequent development of intervention strategies.Methods:Databases including PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of science, Science direct and EBSCO host, PsychINFO, Scopus, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP and CBM were searched about the qualitative research on the real experience of needle stick injury exposure of nursing students and clinical nurses from the establishment of the database to September 2020. The qualitative research quality evaluation standard of Australia JBI evidence-based health care center was used for evaluation, and the result integration method was used for integration.Results:A total of 19 literatures were included, 16 literatures related to interns and junior nurses were included, and 79 research results were extracted. 11 literatures related to senior nurses were included, and 57 research results were extracted. The similar research results were summarized into six new categories, which were summarized into three integrated results, namely, the psychological experience of nurses with needle stick injuries; the impact of needle stick injuries on family life and personal value; and the need for support.Conclusions:We should pay attention to the emotional and emotional experience of interns and clinical nurses after needle stick injury, provide professional psychological counseling, improve the occupational exposure monitoring and security system, and give full social support.
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Needle Stick Injuries caused by hypodermic needles, intravenous stylets or other sharps are an occupational hazard as these can lead to transmission of bloodborne pathogens. This study was conducted to understand the pattern of Needle Stick Injuries (NSIs) in our hospital settings.METHODSAn observational retrospective study was conducted in a 600 bedded Tertiary Care Hospital in Kishanganj, Bihar. A total of 87 NSIs were encountered during the study period from April 2018 to March 2019 using NACO guidelines. Data was entered into a computer-based spreadsheet for analysis using SPSS statistical software, version 19. The statistical tests applied included descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests to observe the association, if any.RESULTSDirect HCWs like Nursing Professionals and Doctors sustained more NSIs. Staff with >2 years of experience sustained less NSIs. Staff who received training on awareness and prevention of NSIs within the last 6 months sustained less NSIs. Introduction of engineered safety devices brought about an overall reduction in the NSI rate per 100 occupied beds from 7.83% to 6.67%, a reduction by 14.81%. This reduction in NSI rate was statistically significant (p value=0.003).CONCLUSIONSThere is a definite role of experienced staff and frequent trainings in reducing NSIs. This study brought out another very significant observation not reviewed previously in Indian settings, the use of engineered safety devices in bringing down NSIs. Certain policy recommendations at the National Level to strengthen monitoring and surveillance to safeguard HCWs from occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens is also felt.
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Background: Needles are one of the biomedical waste materials generated during the treatment or procedure in the hospital. Improper handling, capping or disposal technique causes a major health hazard among the health care workers (HCWs). Needle stick injuries (NSIs) can occur accidentally at any time when people use, disassemble, or dispose needle. The aim of the present study were to find out the burden of chronic morbid condition due to NSIs to HCWs, to find out various risk factors responsible for causing chronic disease to HCWs and to suggest the prevention and control of needle stick injury among the HCWs.Methods: A cross-sectional study, conducted among HCWs. Sample size was estimated by using standard formula and 312 HCWs were taken in study. Equal number of respondent was taken from each group. The information has been collected and data entry has been done using specific software SPSS version 20.0.Results: Most of the HCWs were infected with hepatitis B (24.0%) followed by hepatitis C virus (8.7%) and HIV (1.9%) after the percutaneous injuries with needle of infectious patients during any intervention procedures of the patients.Conclusions: Occupational exposures to percutaneous injuries are substantial source of infections with blood borne pathogens among health-care workers because of the poor practice as well as not opting personal protective equipment’s during intervention process regarding preventive and control measures. These infections are highly preventable and should be eliminated.
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Background: Hepatitis B is endemic throughout the world and occupational exposure to HBV is very common among health care professionals. The main objective of the study was to assess the knowledge about HBV virus, modes of transmission and vaccination status.Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study which was carried out among 60 Allied Health Students in a tertiary care teaching hospital. The valediction of the questionnaire was done by a pilot study before starting the survey.Results: The respond rate was 96% and knowledge on causative agent was 93%, the organ affected 81.7% and modes of transmission were 70%. Awareness about vaccination and its importance were also assessed. The participants completed their three doses of vaccination were 12%, two doses 70% and not yet started was 18%. Awareness about other health care related infections through needle stick injuries and the risk percentage of contracting infection in the order of HIV, HBV and HCV was answered correctly by 81% of the participants.Conclusions: This study may help to impart the knowledge and awareness about HBV among the student population who lack knowledge regarding mode of transmission and fatal consequence. This study may further help the student population to inculcate health precautions during their clinical exposure in the near future.
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Background: Local or distant spread of paranasal sinus infection can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Aim: The aim of this study is for audit intent and to determine the patterns of the complications of rhinosinusitis and the management of the complications. Method: A 10-year retrospective chart review of patients who had complications from rhinosinusitis at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, from January 2008 to December 2017. The data extracted were biodata, duration of symptoms, site of paranasal sinus involvement, acute or chronic rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinosinusitis, non-allergic rhinosinusitis, radiological investigations, complications encountered, treatment given and outcome of treatment. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS version 21.0. Results: The prevalence of the complication of rhinosinusitis in this study was 6.4%. The mean age was 30.9 years and the age range was 9-77 years. There were 31 (47.7%) Males and 34 (52.3%) Females with a Male: Female ratio of 1:1.1. The complications were most common in children and young adults. Non-allergic rhinosinusitis comprised 46 (70.8%) and allergic rhinosinusitis accounted for 19 (29.2%). Computerized tomographic scan of the paranasal sinuses and brain were done for 49 (75.4%) patients and plain X-rays for 16 (24.6) patients. Complications occurred predominantly in chronic rhinosinusitis, which constituted 64 (98.5%) whereas acute rhinosinusitis was responsible for complication in only one patient. The observed complications were most common with multisinusitis 35 (53.8%). Surgical intervention was mainly invasive paranasal sinus surgeries and few functional endoscopic sinus surgeries. Overall, the patients responded well to medical and invasive surgical intervention. Conclusion: The complications were predominant in chronic multisinusitis and occurred exclusively in children and young adults. Paranasal sinus wall and cavity complications were most common. Provision of low cost functional endoscopic sinus surgery is desirable, and it will reduce the number of open and invasive paranasal sinus surgeries.
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Background and Objective: HIV and AIDS is a major global health problem. The lack of knowledge and misconceptions about its modes of transmission among the public, medical students, and healthcare professionals is accountable for the rapid spread of HIV, social stigmatization and discrimination of HIV infected patients. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and awareness about HIV and AIDS and also to know the attitude of medical students towards HIV and AIDS patients. Materials and methods: A total of 117 medical students of the 5th year participated voluntarily in this descriptive cross-sectional study. The data was collected in a pretested questionnaire, tabulated and analyzed in Microsoft Excel and SPSS software version 22. The quantitative data were expressed in terms of numbers and percentages. Results: The knowledge among students about HIV is satisfactory. All students (100%) were aware of HIV and AIDS, and its causative agent. The majority of students were aware of modes of transmission, diagnostic tests, and major preventive measures. However, only a few students were aware of the availability of anti-retroviral drugs for treating HIV, few had an erroneous belief that HIV is curable and vaccine-preventable. The study also observed misconceptions among students (12-40%) about spreading of HIV such as by mosquito bite, handshaking, sharing toilets, utensils, and food. Conclusion: From the results of our study, it is suggested that there is a need for an implementation of HIV and AIDS training programs at regular intervals to medical students at the beginning of their inception into a medical course. This would reduce the knowledge, attitude, and practice gap among medical students.
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Background: Needle stick injuries (NSIs) are wounds caused by sharps such as hypodermic needles, blood collection needles, intravenous cannulas or needles. The health care workers (HCW’s) are at an increased risk of accidental needle stick and sharps injuries, because of the environment in which they work. About 30 diseases like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV can be transmitted by NSI. The incidence of NSI is considerably higher than current estimates, due to gross under-reporting. The objectives of present study was to determine the burden of NSIs among various categories of health care workers (HCWs) at primary health centres (PHC’s) of Mandya district, to determine the factors influencing NSIs and to assess awareness regarding NSIs among various categories of HCWs. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at PHC’s of Mandya district for a period of 6 months. Interview method was used to collect information regarding socio demographic details, occurrence of NSI, factors influencing NSI and awareness regarding NSI by using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire on HCWs. Results: Of the 621 HCWs working during the study period, 366 participated in the study. 93 (25.41%) of the HCWs had at least one episode of NSI in the past 1 year. The common category of HCWs who experienced NSI was the medical officers 39 (41.94%). Majority 48 (51.61%) of NSI’s occurred while vaccine/drug administration followed by withdrawing of drug from the bottle 23 (24.73%). The medical officers and staff nurses had better knowledge regarding the diseases spread through NSI. Conclusions: Among the HCW’s, doctors and nurses are more prone for NSI. Vaccine/drug administration and withdrawing of drug from the bottle are circumstances where NSIs commonly occur hence education regarding safe injection practices are necessary.
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Background: Needle stick injuries are an important occupational hazard for nursing personnel as they form an important mechanism for transmission of blood borne pathogens. A needle stick injury (NSI) is defined as an accidental skin-penetrating stab wound from a hollow-bore needle (or any sharp) containing another person’s blood or body fluid. Sharp injury (SI) is defined as a skin-penetrating stab wound caused by sharp instruments & accidents in a medical setting. Methods: The study is hospital based cross-sectional descriptive in PGIMS Rohtak. The study was designed towards achievement of all objectives. The study was carried out from 14 June 2016 to 13 August 2016. Results: Majority (6%) of sample were in the age group of 20-25 years and (31%) in age group of 26-30 years. Majority of sample (98.5%) were female. Majority of sample (90%) were GNM, (6.5%) were B.Sc Nursing, (1.5%) was M.sc Nursing. Majority of sample (91.5%) were married. Conclusions: The study identified the presence of suboptimal practices that put both staff nurses and patients at significant risk of contracting occupational infections.
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Background: Hospital waste is a potential reservoir of pathogenic micro-organism and requires appropriate, safe handling. Sanitary workers entail to do waste collection, handling, storage and disposal. Hence they have higher chances of exposure to numerous risk factors. The objective of the study was to assess the adoption of ‘standard precautions’ among sanitary workers pertaining to hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), prevention of needle stick/sharp injuries, handling of soiled linen and finding out the reasons for non-adoption.Methods: A cross sectional study was done in two health care institutions in Chennai and Madurai, Tamil Nadu during January to May 2018. Institutional ethics committee approval was obtained. All sanitary workers willing to participate in the study were included. After getting informed consent, data was collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS 20.0. Mean, frequency and percentages were calculated.Results: Sanitary workers included in the study were 118. The overall hand hygiene was satisfactory among 35.6%. Only 62.7% were using gloves while handling waste. 54(45.8%) had NSI in last one year. Immersing soiled linen in hot water was done only by 15 (12.7%) before washing with disinfectant and autoclaving.Conclusions: The adoption of ‘standard precautions’ among sanitary workers is inadequate due to lack of proper orientation
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Background: Needle stick injuries (NSIs) are a hazard for people who work with hypodermic syringes and other needle equipment. These injuries can occur at any time when people use, disassemble, or dispose of needles. Needle Stick and Sharps Injuries (NSSIs) are one of the major risk factors for blood-borne infections. The aim and objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge, attitude, practice and prevalence of NSIs among nurses in a private tertiary care hospital of district Bareilly; to recommended the preventive measure to control the injuries.Methods: A survey has been conducted in August 2013 to February 2014 among the nurses. This is a cross-sectional study. A purposive sampling was done aimed at covering at least 50 trained nurses and 50 nursing students working in a private tertiary care hospital Bareilly.Results: The prevalence of needle stick injuries per year equals 69.0%. Self inflicted were most common among nurses working in the wards. Instruments contaminated with infectious material accounted for the injuries in the study group of nurses.Conclusions: NSSIs are highly prevalent among nurses, and prevention is the most effective way to protect nurses from infectious diseases. The most common cause of injuries from needles was an improper handling of syringes and needles after injections.
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Objective To analyze the occurrence status and characteristics of occupational needle-stick injuries among medical workers base on surveillance data and retrospective survey.Methods The data of occupational exposure reported by various depart-ments were collected and sorted out from January 1,2011 to March 31,2016.The self-designed occupational sharp instrument inju-ries questionnaire was adopted to collect the sharp instrument injuries situation from April 1-15,2016.Then the analysis was per-formed by adopting the SPSS20.0 software.Results The surveillance data analysis results showed that the incidence rate of occu-pational needle-stick injuries was 11.77%,the sex of medical staffs suffering from the needle-stick injuries was dominated by fe-males,the age was mainly under 25 years old,the type of work was mainly nurse and practicing nurse;the retrospective investigation found that 44.54% of medical staffs suffered from the stick injuries at the same time period.The occurrence risk of needle-stick in-jury had no statistical difference between the male and female medical staffs(χ2 =2.266,P=0.132),the occurrence risk was the highest in the 25-40 years old group,the occurrence rate of nurse stick-injury was 48.40%,which of doctors was 43.50%.Conclu-sion The report awareness after suffering from occupational needle-stick injury among medical staffs urgently needs to be strengthened,and doctors also are the high risk population of occupational needle-stick injury.
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Objective To investigate the condition and causes of needle-stick injuries among health care workers(HCWs), and explore effective strategies for preventing needle-stick injuries.Methods Needle-stick injuries recorded by healthcare-associated infection management department in a hospital between January 2013 and December 2015 were surveyed retrospectively.Results 164 HCWs suffered needle-stick injuries, including 71 (43.29%) doctors, 81 (49.39%) nurses, and 12 (7.32%) other HCWs.The number of injuries in 2013, 2014, and 2015 were 47(28.66%), 54(32.93%),and 63(38.41%)respectively.152(92.68%), 9(5.49%),and 3(1.83%)injuries were caused by contaminated medical instruments, uncertain-contaminated medical instruments, and non-contaminated medical instruments.Among 164 cases of needle-stick injuries, 67(40.85%) occurred in operating rooms, 141 (85.98%) were finger injuries;the main causes of needle stick injuries were carelessness, busy work and nonstandard manipulation(n=115, 70.12%), most doctors suffered needle stick injuries due to the lack of experience (52.11%), most nurses suffered needle stick injuries due to carelessness, busy work and nonstandard manipulation(93.83%).Conclusion Needle stick injuries among HCWs increased year by year, strategies should be implemented to reduce the occurrence of needle injuries, including strengthening occupational protection consciousness among HCWs, strengthening construction of healthcare-associated infection management system, and improving medical environment.
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Objective To investigate nursing interns’knowledge and attitude towards needle stick injury before clinical practice.Methods In 20-23 June,2015,nursing interns who were about to start clinical practice in a hospi-tal were investigated,nursing interns’knowledge and attitude towards needle stick injury were surveyed through questionnaire.Results A total of 350 questionnaires were distributed,324 (92.57%)responded questionnaires were available.40(12.35%)questionnaires were responded by male interns,and 284(87.65%)were by female in-terns;34(10.49%)interns had bachelor degree;the mean age of interns were (20.83 + 1 .24)years old.The correct answer rates about questions related to injury occurring during needle recapping and wearing gloves were low (about 60%).About 70% of the interns gave the correct answers to questions about hepatitis B infection due to needle stick injury following hepatitis B vaccination,as well as medication after injury.Score for individual question about attitude towards needle stick injury was ≤3,the major related problems were susceptibility of blood borne diseases and recapping needles.Conclusion Needle stick injury-related knowledge and attitude among nursing interns is inadequate,including recapping needles,timely report,susceptible to infectious diseases,and so on.It is necessary for schools and teaching hospitals to strengthen the education about occupational protection among nursing interns, so as to improve the attitude and ability of professional protection.
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Background: Unsafe injection practice can transmit various blood borne infections. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and practice of injection safety among injection providers, to obtain information about disposal of injectable devices, and to compare the knowledge and practices of urban and rural injection providers. Methods: The study was conducted with injection providers working at primary health care facilities within Kaski district, Nepal. Ninety-six health care workers from 69 primary health care facilities were studied and 132 injection events observed. A semi-structured checklist was used for observing injection practice and a questionnaire for the survey. Respondents were interviewed to complete the questionnaire and obtain possible explanations for certain observed behaviors. Results: All injection providers knew of at least one pathogen transmitted through use/re-use of unsterile syringes. Proportion of injection providers naming hepatitis/jaundice as one of the diseases transmitted by unsafe injection practice was significantly higher in urban (75.6%) than in rural (39.2%) area. However, compared to urban respondents (13.3%), a significantly higher proportion of rural respondents (37.3%) named Hepatitis B specifically as one of the diseases transmitted. Median (inter-quartile range) number of therapeutic injection and injectable vaccine administered per day by the injection providers were 2 (1) and 1 (1), respectively. Two handed recapping by injection providers was significantly higher in urban area (33.3%) than in rural areas (21.6%). Most providers were not aware of the post exposure prophylaxis guideline. Conclusion: The knowledge of the injection providers about safe injection practice was acceptable. The use of safe injection practice by providers in urban and rural health care facilities was almost similar. The deficiencies noted in the practice must be addressed.
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Health Personnel , InjectionsABSTRACT
Background: Nurses spend most of the time with patients and provide the most direct patient care; nurses are also the healthcare workers that are most susceptible to worksite-related medical problems the most common one being needle stick injuries. Adequate training will empower the nurses to protect themselves and effectively manage needle stick injuries. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of standard operating procedures (SOP) in prevention and management of needle stick injuries. Methods: A quasi experimental study was conducted among nurses working in two teaching hospitals in Haryana A total of 150 nurses were included in the study. The tools included a knowledge questionnaire and a SOP on prevention and management of needle stick injuries. Results: There was a significant increase in the post test knowledge score of the experimental group -27.74 (day 9) and 24.13 (day 40) as compared to the pre-test knowledge score (21.00). However, there was no significant increase in the post test score on day 70 (22.26). Conclusions: Training of nurses is vital in prevention of needle stick injuries however continuous reinforcement is required for the sustainability of knowledge.
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Occupational exposure poses a signifi cant risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens to healthcare workers (HCWs). Adherence to standard precautions, awareness about post exposure prophylaxis is poor in developing countries. This retrospective study analyzes the self-reported cases of occupational exposure in a tertiary care hospital. During the study period, 105 HCWs sustained occupational exposure to blood and body fl uids. Majority of the victims 36 (34.2%) were interns and the clinical practice that led to the occupational exposure was withdrawal of blood (45.7%). Good infection control practices and emphasis on appropriate disposal are needed to increase the occupational safety for HCWs.
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Background: Health-care workers are at increased risk of infection with blood borne pathogens because of occupational exposure to blood and other body fluids. Needle stick injuries (NSIs) are major cause of blood borne infections transmitted among health care personnel. More than 90% of these infections occur in developing countries but most of these NSIs remain unreported. It is also found that 37.6% of Hepatitis B, 39% of Hepatitis C and 4.4% of HIV/AIDS in Health-Care Workers (HCWs) around the world are due to needle stick injuries. Aims & Objective: (1) To determine prevalence of needle stick injuries among health care workers. (2) To study circumstances under which they occur among health care workers in tertiary care hospital of Rural India. Material and Methods: A cross- sectional study was conducted among HCWs of rural tertiary care medical college and hospital. A total of 220 health care workers were included in the study. A self-designed, semi- structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants. Results: A total 130 (59.09%) HCWs reported having occupational exposure to blood and body fluid in last one year, out of these 108 (49.09%) had NSIs and 22 (10%) had history of splash of blood and body fluid. Maximum exposure of NSIs was found among nurses (50%), followed by resident doctors (25.93%). Conclusion: NSIs were common occurrence among health care workers and they are grossly underreported.
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Objective To study the effect of the scene teaching on the needle stick injury in nursing students. Methods 43 nursing stu-dents of grade 2011 were as control group, 53 ones of grade 2012 as intervention group. The intervention group was introduced the defini-tion, the harm of needle stick injury and the basic protection knowledge, shown the scene of needle stick injuries often occurred, and trained to prevent the needle stick injury a day before internship. The control group was not given any intervention. Results 48.84%and 20.75%of students of the control and the intervention groups occurred needle stick injury during the internship, and the frequencies were 1.36 and 0.42 per person-year, respectively (P<0. 05). Conclusion Scene simulation teaching can effectively reduce the incidence of needle stick injuries of nursing students, that is valuable for the occupational protective education of nursing students.
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@#Objective To study the effect of the scene teaching on the needle stick injury in nursing students. Methods 43 nursing students of grade 2011 were as control group, 53 ones of grade 2012 as intervention group. The intervention group was introduced the definition,the harm of needle stick injury and the basic protection knowledge, shown the scene of needle stick injuries often occurred, and trained to prevent the needle stick injury a day before internship. The control group was not given any intervention. Results 48.84% and 20.75% of students of the control and the intervention groups occurred needle stick injury during the internship, and the frequencies were 1.36 and 0.42 per person-year, respectively (P<0. 05). Conclusion Scene simulation teaching can effectively reduce the incidence of needle stick injuries of nursing students, that is valuable for the occupational protective education of nursing students.